You should stop taking medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, or any blood thinners. Tell your doctor all the medicines you take.

You will get a small cut in a blood vessel in your groin or arm. After that, a thin tube which is known as a catheter, is thread through the blood vessel to the blocked artery. At the end of the tube, there is a tiny balloon that inflates inside your blocked artery.

No, you can not eat or drink anything 6-8 hours before the surgery. Eating and drinking are avoided for your safety so that no complications will occur during the procedure.

Angioplasty is a minor surgery that can be performed under conscious and moderate sedation. In this procedure, a thin tube is inserted into an artery in the wrist and thread the tube around the affected artery around the heart. After that, a balloon or stent is inserted to open the artery.

 Yes, a section of the blocked artery that was opened up with the help of angioplasty and stents can become narrowed again.

Angioplasty procedure is used to restore blood flow to the heart muscle by opening narrow or blocked arteries. 

Generally, you do not feel the dye injection, but in some cases, patients feel minor discomfort or a warm sensation that can only last a few seconds in their chest.

The most common risk of angioplasty is re-narrowing of the artery. There is a small risk that the artery may become clogged again.

The procedure will take time between 3o minutes to 2 hours. But in some cases, the procedure can take longer.  

You should avoid lifting heavy objects and tough workouts. You should also avoid sexual activities for at least a week.

Generally, anesthesia is not needed during the procedure because it is performed through an artery in your wrist area or arm. You will get a sedative that will relax you, but you may be awake during the procedure.

The general signs of stents failure are:

• Shortness of breath

• Chest pain

• Fatigue

You should avoid high-fat foods such as red meat, cheese, and baked products because they will only increase harmful LDL cholesterol in your bloodstream and decrease HDL cholesterol.

 It will depend on your recovery rate. Usually, you will get discharged from the hospital 12-24 hours after the catheter is removed.

Yes, the stents are permanent. If you feel a narrowing in your stents, it usually happens within 6-9 months and can be treated with another stent.

Mechanical valves in some patients have lasted as long as 25 years without problems. Tissue valves in some patients have lasted as long as 15 years without problems.

A still poorly addressed issue of mechanical valve prostheses is the noise they produce. This is perceived by many patients, many are happy to hear their heart constantly beating, but some dislike the noise.

Mechanical valves are made from carbon and metal. Tissue (biological or bioprosthetic) valves are usually made from animal tissue, or sometimes from human tissue (in which case they may be called homograft valves), that has been treated to make sure it is not rejected by the body.

There are ways to strengthen the heart valve firstly, Get moving as your heart is a muscle and as with any muscle, exercise is what strengthens it., Quit smoking, Lose weight, Eat heart-healthy foods and don't take the stress.

Mechanical valves last longer than tissue valves. They are less likely to wear out or break down. If you are age 50 or younger, a mechanical valve may be a good choice.

However, the patient has to follow a strict blood thinner medication regime. Hence, the tissue valve is advised for older people to avoid the risks of blood thinners.

After an aortic valve replacement, you'll usually need to stay in the hospital for about a week. The time it takes to fully recover varies depending on factors like your age and overall health.

Your breastbone will usually heal in about 6 to 8 weeks, but it maybe 2 to 3 months before you feel your normal self again.

Mechanical valves usually last 20 years or more.

When valves are damaged or diseased and do not work the way they should they may need to be repaired or replaced.

There are two main types of heart replacement valves to choose from — mechanical and biological, Doctor will advise according to the patient age, lifestyle, food habits etc.

That is absolutely right. If your surgeon felt, he will not be able to achieve the desired results in minimally invasive surgery, he will not offer it in the first place.

Your treatment depends on the severity of your condition. You may need surgery to repair or replace the valve. Left untreated, aortic valve stenosis can lead to serious heart problems.

Exercising will help to speed up your recovery and it's a key component of a healthy lifestyle. Exercise increases your fitness levels, helps control blood pressure, weight and cholesterol and keep you relaxed.

There are ways to strengthen the heart valve firstly, Get moving as your heart is a muscle and as with any muscle, exercise is what strengthens it. Quit smoking, Lose weight, Eat heart-healthy foods and don't take the stress.

Tissue valves in some patients have lasted as long as 15 years without problems.

A third, small difference between the two valve options is sound. Tissue valves work silently, while mechanical valves can make a quiet clicking noise that some people find bothersome, especially when trying to fall asleep.

Tissue heart valves (sometimes called “bioprosthetic” valves) are harvested from animal heart valves (porcine) and have passed the tests on human trials before being used.

Your treatment depends on the severity of your condition. You may need surgery to repair or replace the valve. Left untreated, aortic valve stenosis can lead to serious heart problems.

When valves are damaged or diseased and do not work the way they should they may need to be repaired or replaced.

That is absolutely right. If your surgeon felt, he will not be able to achieve the desired results in minimally invasive surgery, he will not offer it in the first place.

This surgery is usually done for the individuals aged between 53 to 92 years

There are two main types of heart replacement valves to choose from — mechanical and biological, Doctor will advise according to the patient.

These tissues are treated and neutralized so that the body will not reject them.

Tissue valves can last 10-20 years, and usually don't require the long-term use of medication.

After an aortic valve replacement, you'll usually need to stay in the hospital for about a week. The time it takes to fully recover varies depending on factors like your age and overall health.

Your breastbone will usually heal in about 6 to 8 weeks, but it maybe 2 to 3 months before you feel your normal self again.

Exercising will help to speed up your recovery and it's a key component of a healthy lifestyle. Exercise increases your fitness levels, helps control blood pressure, weight, and cholesterol and keep you relaxed.

A small incision, approximately 2 inches, will be made in the upper chest. Three leads (thin insulated wires) will be guided through a vein and into the heart which will connect the leads to the implanted heart device, test the device, and program the settings.

On a regular basis the doctor will check your CRT device and overall health. The follow up plan includes the regular visit to the dentist, it is important for you to attend the follow up visit of doctor. Doctor and nurse will use programmer to make sure that CRT device is working properly to treat your heart. Your doctor can get important data from your CRT device—such as whether it delivered high-energy therapy or how much energy is left in the battery.

The surgery takes around two to four hours to complete.

The median survival after device implantation is 4.62 years for CRT-P and 5.15 years for CRT-D.

The recovery after the procedure will take few days to months, while you are recovering the you will be allowed to avoid strenuous activities such as lifting and using your upper body by doing these it ensures that you have the time to attach your heart tissue.

Usually having a CRT device does not prohibit you from driving, although you may be asked to wait to drive during the early stage of recovery. In some cases, restrictions are necessary.

Having a CRT device can be a major turning point in your life. Afterward, you may feel sad or worried. It’s an event that may change your thoughts and feelings about your health. Some people may feel vulnerable at first because they depend on an implanted device.

Sexual intimacy is not a medical risk in patients with CRT, because the natural heart rate increase that occurs during sex is the same as the heart rate increase when you exercise.

The sensation of CRT therapy varies from person to person and depends on the type of therapy your device delivers. When a CRT-D device shocks the heart in order to slow down a fast heartbeat, it uses higher energy. This gives a feeling that some people describe as a “kick in the chest.”

Yes, CRT-D is very safe procedure. The devices being used for the procedure is being approved by FDA.

Usually there are two types of CRT device one is called CRT-P ( cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker) and the other is same device but it also includes built-in implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

Heart failure is a chronic and progressive disease the  early use of CRT therapy will help you in keeping alive for longer time. If you are having any symptoms the CRT device has the ability to improve your health which in turn will improve your life also. CRT device does not totally cure the heart failure but many patients who have received CRT will feel better and get relief from symptoms and they will get more energy in participating in daily activities.

A CRT-D is an implantable cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) defibrillator for patients with heart failure which monitor heart's rhythm, detects irregularities and corrects them with electrical impulses.

Your permanent Medical Device Identification Card will be mailed to you a few weeks after your implant. This wallet-sized card helps identify you as a patient.

It's called a cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker (CRT-P) or “biventricular pacemaker.” The other is the same device, but it also includes a built-in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). This type is called a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D).

Patients with a CRT device can feel confident and safe when traveling. The Medical Device ID card that you receive with your device helps alert medical and security personnel that you have an implanted CRT device. It’s important to carry your card when traveling because the device contains metal parts that may set off airport security metal detector alarms.

CRT-D device is a special device for heart failure patients who are also at high risk for sudden cardiac death. CRT-D devices treats the fast rhytms of heart which can result in sudden cardiac arrest. If the device which are sensing the heartbeats are very fast then it will deliver a shock to heart, that shock will stop the abnormal rhythm of heart.

Cardiac ablation takes around two to four hours to complete the procedure is being done in elecrtrophysiology laboratory where you will be monitored  before the procedure you will be given intravenous medications so that you can fall asleep. .

Some tests done before cardiac ablation are electrocardiogram, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and other laboratory works.

Yes, you may have to stay overnight or one to two days or even more depending on your recovery after the procedure then you can return home.

You may have some mild shortness of breath or fatigue after surgery, this is normal and subside within four to six week after the procedure. If your symptoms appears for longer time then abnormal heart rhythm can reoccur.

Till one week of the procedure you are not allowed to drive.  You should wait for 2 weeks till you feel that you are physically strong to do more procedures.

You'll be taken to a recovery area for a few hours where doctors and nurses will closely monitor you. According to your condition, you may go home the same day or spend the night in the hospital. Plan to have someone else drive you home after your procedure.

Yes, tracheal intubation is usually done before cardiac ablation procedure.

Drinking is usually not allowed after a cardiac ablation procedure  who haveundergone major surgery.

Cardiac ablation takes around eight weeks to heal, you can also have some arrhythmias during the first few weeks after your ablation  during this time you may need dome medications or other form of treatment.

Cardiac ablation surgery is very safe but there are some risks associated with the process such as injury to blood vessels  and blood clots in legs or lungs.

Cardiac ablation is relatively a minor surgery when it is performed by a catheter and when cardiac ablation is done through open surgery then it is major surgery. You will need to stay in ICU for minimum a week in hospital to recover.

Cardiac ablation is the procedure which is used to restore the normal heart rhythm in this procedure long flexible tubes are being passed through the blood vessel to your heart.

Person who have some symptoms such as palpations, lightheadness, shortness of breath, fatigue can be a candidate for  goodcardiac ablation

Cardiac ablation has got some risks but they are very rare, many people who got cardiac ablation feel much better after the procedure. Risks of the process is not worth who have only few symptoms.

During the process of cardiac ablation the abnormal tissues of the heart are destroyed by burning or freezing it, cardiac ablation can reduce or even eliminate your symptoms and make you feel better but the procedure is invasive and not for every person.

Cardiac ablation can be performed on any patient up to the age of 90 years who can get the same result like young patients. With the advancing age the patient selection becomes more critical because there is always a risk in older individual.

Cathether is being inserted by a blood vessel in your heart, in some cases more than one cathether may be used. The catheters  are also inserted via blood vessels in your groin, shoulder or neck. Sensor  present on the tip of the catheter is used for sending electric impulses and for recording your hearts beat. During the procedure you may feel some minor discomfort when the catheter is being moved into your heart.

Cardiac ablation is being done for correcting the abnormal heart rhythm. When your heart beats the electrical signals in your heart causes heart to squeeze and it must follow a specific pathway throughout your heart. Any disruption in the heart signal can trigger the abnormal heartbeat. Your doctor will recommend you to go for cardiac ablation if you have

After your mitral valve replacement you will be taken to the recovery room. You will immediately notice relief from symptoms. Tubes may be placed in your chest for breathing which can be uncomfortable. Bandages will be placed over the incision.

The risk of the surgery depends on your overall health, age and other factors. Some of the common risks of the procedure includes infection, bleeding, irregular heart rhythms, blood clots, anaesthesia complications, continuous leaking of valve. Some of the other risk of the procedure includes chronic illness, lung problems, obesity, infections, higher age

When you prepare for surgery your doctor will decide which valve will be the best for you. Your surgeon will replace the valve with biological or mechanical valve.  You should not eat or drink anything after midnight and before the surgery and avoid taking blood-thinning medicines.

Mitral valve replacement is needed only if the mitral valve is not working properly. Surgical repair of the mitral valve can be done. Some of the common conditions required for mitral valve replacement includes ischemic heart disease, infection of heart valves, heart failure and rheumatic fever.

You will feel some soreness, but you shouldn’t feel severe pain. If you need it, you can ask for pain medicine.

You should avoid lifting  heavy objects for few weeks after surgery. Before going for any medical or dental procedure inform your doctor about it. Follow all the instructions given by your doctor to prevent infection.

Mitral valve replacement surgery is being done to replace a poorly working mitral valve with an artificial valve. This surgery will help the blood flow through your heart and out of your body. In mitral valve replacement surgery the doctor will replace the poorly working mitral valve  with an artificial valve.

Some of the tests which you need to undergo before surgery includes chest x ray, ECG, blood tests, echocardiogram and coronary angiogram.

An incision is being made in the middle of your chest, to get access to your heart breast bone will be separated. Heart lung machine is being attached which acts as heart and lung during the procedure, then your surgeon will remove your current mitral heart valve and then replace it with a new valve. At last your breastbone will be stitched together.

You are required to stay in hospital for 5 days after surgery.

Bare metal stent and drug eluting stent are commonly used during the procedure.

PTCA is done if you have persistent chest pain and blockage of only one or two coronary artery. This procedure will allow opening up of the blocked coronary artery and allow blood to circulate to heart muscle.

This procedure is being done to open blocked coronary artery which is being caused by coronary artery disease and to restore the arterial blood flow to heart without doping any open heart surgery.

The process of percutaneous transluminal is contraindicated in case of kidney dysfunction and serum creatinine greater than 3.10 because the contrast dye being used at the procedure which increases the risk of worsening renal disease.

After the surgery you will be taken to the recovery room. You have to lie flat on your back with the head of the bed tilted.  You have to stay in bed for 24 hours after surgery.

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty takes around one to two hours to complete.

The most serious complication of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is abrupt closure of the dilated coronary artery within the first few hours after the procedure.

In this procedure a balloon catheter guide is used to exact the site of blockage the balloon is then inflated slowly with a pump and is then filled with dye. The balloon may be inflated several times till the blockage is opened. You may have some discomfort till balloon is open, which goes away when your balloon is deflated.  The catheter and wire are removed when it is seen that blood is flowing smoothly.

This procedure is mainly done cardiologist.

Percutaneous transluminal is a procedure which is being used for opening a blocked blood vessels by using a small flexible plastic tube or a catheter which has a balloon at its end.  When the tube is being placed in inflates and open the blood vessels so that normal flow of blood is being restored.

You can go home on the next day after surgery.

Narrowing of the arteries, blood clots, bleeding are the common side of the procedure. Some of the rare side effects of the procedure includes kidney problems, stroke or abnormal heart rhythm.

Radiofrequency ablation is not painful than other injection procedure that is performed in other pain management procedure. Patient will be given mild intravenous sedation during the procedure but sedation is not necessary in every case.

In radiofrequency ablation first you will be given intravenous medication then you will be told to lie down. In the next step a thin needle is being inserted into the area where you feel pain with x ray the exact area can be located.  Then a microelectrode is being inserted through the needle then a small radiofrequency signal is being send through the electrode to heat your nerve tissues.

For doing catheter ablation it will take two to four hours to be complete, the procedure is done in lab where you will be monitored carefully, before starting the procedure you will be given intravenous medications so that it will help you in relaxing and falling asleep.

Radiofrequency ablation is a minimum invasive technique in which tumor removal in patient with hepatic cancer. This surgery is done under general anesthesia  to ensure safety and comfort of the patient.

To relief from radiofrequency ablation it usually takes one to three weeks after injection. You are advised to rest to rest for few days after the procedure before you can resume your normal activity

You should do radiofrequency treatment is every four to six weeks, the frequency of the radiofrequency depends on various factors such as your age and your aesthetic concern.

Radiofrequncy ablation is a procedure in which electric current is being used for heating a small area of nerve tissue so that it can stop sending the signals of pain. This procedure provides long lasting relief from pain in lower back neck and arthritic joint.

In radiofrequency treatment the current flows from the electrode of an radiofrequency device into your skin by heating the tissues below the skin to stimulate the production of collagen and elastin. Skin tightening by radiofrequency is considered very safe.

Some patient get relief from pain after radiofrequency  but the amount of pain varies according to the location of pain and you can relief within six to twelve months of the treatment. While some patient gets relief up to years.

The risk and complications of radiofrequency ablation is very low in some cases serious complication may cause infection and bleeding at the site of incision. Temporary side effects of the procedure include weakness or numbness in your legs and swelling and bruising at the site of incision.

Pain of radiofrequency ablation is just like sun burn, this pain on average lasts no longer than one to weeks after the procedure.  Complete relief from pain can be expected within two to three weeks of the procedure because some time is taken for ablated nerves to die and stop sending pain signals.

This procedure is 70 to 80 percent effective in those patient who have successful nerve block and the procedure can be repeated in some cases if required.

Yes, radiofrequency ablation can be the right treatment for you if the pain doesn’t respond to any other treatment such as pain killers or physical therapy.

Yes, radiofrequency ablation is safe and effective for face. Radiofrequency ablation is being approved by FDA for reducing the appearance of wrinkles.

Radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive surgery there is no need of removing any tissues organs or involvement of cutting or opening the body.

Radiofrequency ablation is used for tightening the loose skin of your body by increasing the production of collagen.

After the surgery you should not drive or do any vigorous activity for 24 hours after the procedure. But you can return to your normal activities next day after the surgery.

Radiofrequency ablation is the new method of pain control, in this technique the radiofrequency waves are being delivered to some nerves and with the aim of interrupting the signal of pain to the brain.

TAVI is not recommended for those who have severe aortic stenosis , TAVI surgery will not be beneficial to them  but they can definitely get benefit from TAVR surgery.

You will be in hospital for one to five days after the surgery initially you will be under close observation but when the doctor feel you are fit to go home then they can send you home.

TAVI is not recommended if you have got any problem with your aortic valve and you are high risk for undergoing an open heart surgery. The aortic valve is one of the four main valves present in your heart.

Even though the success rate of TAVI is high it has only got few complications, some of the risks of the procedure includes bleeding, injuries, stroke,  atrioventricular conduction, system injuries and aortic regurgitation.

Patient who is having severe symptomatic aortic stenosis are at high risk for conventional surgical aortic valave replacement.

The surgery is done under local anaesthesia and it will take around one to two hours to do the surgery in some cases it can also be done under general anaesthesia depending on the best solution for you.

TAVI stands for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation it is used in helping to improve a damaged aortic valve.

No, TAVI is not a major surgery it is less invasive surgery which is being designed to replace  a diseased aortic valve.

In this procedure a catheter is being inserted in your blood vessels and then  it is passed in your aortic valve and the catheter is used to guide and fix the replaced valve one above the other.

TAVI procedure will take around three hours to complete and it is performed under local or general anaesthesia.

There is no definite data which can tell how long your TAVI, according to recent data the age of TAVI lasts upto 20 years.

You will be under observation for one or two days after the procedure, your cardiologist will come every day to check you. Your wound site will be monitored by your team during this time.

Recovery rate of the people is different depending on their health and the type of heart valve procedure.  You will need around six to ten weeks to recover completely after the procedure. You have to do daily activities and exercises during your recovery.

You may feel umcomfortable after the procedure but it will go off in few days and you will be also given painkillers.

It can last from a few days or weeks to many years. In adults we have seen them last for as long as 35 years. Over time the plastic tube can corrode and disintegrate, requiring a new shunt to be inserted.

There are different indications for programmed vs unprogrammed shunt, Programmed is usually done in elderly individuals and congenital hydrocephalus while unprogrammed is chosen for tumors, hydrocephalus and meningitis.

WHO regulation says it may require a change every 5 years so there are less chances of blockage.

You won't be able to see the catheter because it will be under your skin. However, you may be able to feel the shunt catheter along your neck. Once all the parts of the shunt are connected, it will start draining the excess CSF as needed to reduce the pressure in your brain.

You won't be able to see the catheter because it will be under your skin. However, you may be able to feel the shunt catheter along your neck.

Once all the parts of the shunt are connected, it will start draining the excess CSF as needed to reduce the pressure in your brain.

No followup visit is required once patient has been reviewed for about 3 weeks

The entire procedure takes about 90 minutes.

Usually for 5 days.

Most of hydrocephalic patients will be required to keep their CSF shunt all life long. One of the advantages of this therapy is that it allows you to have a normal daily life. The shunt will restore the CSF circulation to regulate its flow.

The entire procedure takes about 90 minutes.

WHO regulation says it may require a change every 5 years so there are fewer chances of blockage.

Depending on the circumstances, a VP shunt can be temporary or permanent. If the cause of your hydrocephalus is idiopathic (unexplained), congenital (present from birth), or the result of a defect in the anatomy of the brain or spine, there is a strong chance that you will need to have your VP shunt for the long term.

It can last from a few days or weeks to many years. In adults we have seen them last for as long as 35 years. Over time the plastic tube can corrode and disintegrate, requiring a new shunt to be inserted.

Most of the hydrocephalic patients will be required to keep their CSF shunt all life long. One of the advantages of this therapy is that it allows you to have a normal daily life. The shunt will restore the CSF circulation to regulate its flow.

Depending on the circumstances, a VP shunt can be temporary or permanent. If the cause of your hydrocephalus is idiopathic (unexplained), congenital (present from birth), or the result of a defect in the anatomy of the brain or spine, there is a strong chance that you will need to have your VP shunt for the long term.

Usually for 5 days.

No followup visit is required once the patient has been reviewed for about 3 weeks.

There are different indications for programmed vs unprogrammed shunt, Programmed is usually done in elderly individuals and congenital hydrocephalus while unprogrammed is chosen for tumors, hydrocephalus and meningitis.

A person who has ventricular septal defect should always consult a specialist. This treatment is always recommended to prevent the problem of heart and lungs, VSD treatment

It will take around two hours for VSD surgery, small flexible tube will be placed in the different blood vessels of your groin clinic.

According to recent data patient who have undergone have lead a normal life and in 40 years only 6% of the patient have required re surgery to close those small leaks that developed near the patch.

Within the first six months of surgery the person who has still the risk of endocarditis within the heart will heal. People whose VSD is repaired can develop cardiac arrhythmia in the later life because of the formation of scar tissue around the heart.

You should undergo regular follow up with your doctor for your cardiologist. Those whose congenital abnormalities, valve disease or aortic regurgitation should get it check with the specialist.

Around 75% of VSD doesn’t need any treatment they close their own within the first year of life or by reaching the age of 10 years. If the VSD is medium  or large the closure rate is about 5 to 10 percent. An adult who has a VSD without any symptoms probably does not require intervention but should have regular checkups by a physician who specializes in adult congenital heart disease.

In individuals with a VSD and no other heart or lung problems, repair of the defect restores the heart’s normal function. Generally these people can engage in physical activity without restrictions. This is also true for adults with small, unrepaired VSDs.

Yes, heart starts functioning normally after VSD the defect restores to heart normal function. Some person who have some complications related to VSD such as abnormal heart function may have some restrictions on their activities.

VSD is usually diagnosed at birth or within a few days after birth when doctor can hear the murmur sound.  Diagnostic measures for VSD includes chest x ray, electrocardiogram, ultrasound images, coronary angiography and MRI imaging.

This surgery is basically done by cardiologist.

Ventricular septal defect is usually a hole in the wall of heart which separates the two chambers of heart. They usually occurs by themselves they don’t have any birth defect.

Ventricular septal defect depends on the size of the hole where it is being located, the size of the heart determines the effect of heart function. Due to this the heart may become bigger and high blood pressure may develop in the arteries of the lungs. A person who has large VSD can experience shortness of breath, weakness and fatigue. If the ventricular defect is small the only symptoms which is being noticed is loud murmur sound.

In VSD surgery the surgeon will make a small cut in the front side of the chest and divides the breastbone to reach the heart, the heart-lung machine is used to pump blood and act as the lungs during the surgery and then the surgeon patches up the hole between the ventricles.