It will depend on your recovery rate. Usually, you will get discharged from the hospital 12-24 hours after the catheter is removed.

Yes, the stents are permanent. If you feel a narrowing in your stents, it usually happens within 6-9 months and can be treated with another stent.

The general signs of stents failure are:

• Shortness of breath

• Chest pain

• Fatigue

Generally, anesthesia is not needed during the procedure because it is performed through an artery in your wrist area or arm. You will get a sedative that will relax you, but you may be awake during the procedure.

No, you can not eat or drink anything 6-8 hours before the surgery. Eating and drinking are avoided for your safety so that no complications will occur during the procedure.

You should avoid high-fat foods such as red meat, cheese, and baked products because they will only increase harmful LDL cholesterol in your bloodstream and decrease HDL cholesterol.

You should avoid lifting heavy objects and tough workouts. You should also avoid sexual activities for at least a week.

The most common risk of angioplasty is re-narrowing of the artery. There is a small risk that the artery may become clogged again.

Angioplasty is a minor surgery that can be performed under conscious and moderate sedation. In this procedure, a thin tube is inserted into an artery in the wrist and thread the tube around the affected artery around the heart. After that, a balloon or stent is inserted to open the artery.

Angioplasty procedure is used to restore blood flow to the heart muscle by opening narrow or blocked arteries. 

You should stop taking medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, or any blood thinners. Tell your doctor all the medicines you take.

Generally, you do not feel the dye injection, but in some cases, patients feel minor discomfort or a warm sensation that can only last a few seconds in their chest.

The procedure will take time between 3o minutes to 2 hours. But in some cases, the procedure can take longer.  

You will get a small cut in a blood vessel in your groin or arm. After that, a thin tube which is known as a catheter, is thread through the blood vessel to the blocked artery. At the end of the tube, there is a tiny balloon that inflates inside your blocked artery.

 Yes, a section of the blocked artery that was opened up with the help of angioplasty and stents can become narrowed again.

After an aortic valve replacement, you'll usually need to stay in the hospital for about a week. The time it takes to fully recover varies depending on factors like your age and overall health.

Your breastbone will usually heal in about 6 to 8 weeks, but it maybe 2 to 3 months before you feel your normal self again.

Mechanical valves in some patients have lasted as long as 25 years without problems. Tissue valves in some patients have lasted as long as 15 years without problems.

Mechanical valves are made from carbon and metal. Tissue (biological or bioprosthetic) valves are usually made from animal tissue, or sometimes from human tissue (in which case they may be called homograft valves), that has been treated to make sure it is not rejected by the body.

Mechanical valves last longer than tissue valves. They are less likely to wear out or break down. If you are age 50 or younger, a mechanical valve may be a good choice.

However, the patient has to follow a strict blood thinner medication regime. Hence, the tissue valve is advised for older people to avoid the risks of blood thinners.

Exercising will help to speed up your recovery and it's a key component of a healthy lifestyle. Exercise increases your fitness levels, helps control blood pressure, weight and cholesterol and keep you relaxed.

A still poorly addressed issue of mechanical valve prostheses is the noise they produce. This is perceived by many patients, many are happy to hear their heart constantly beating, but some dislike the noise.

Mechanical valves usually last 20 years or more.

There are two main types of heart replacement valves to choose from — mechanical and biological, Doctor will advise according to the patient age, lifestyle, food habits etc.

When valves are damaged or diseased and do not work the way they should they may need to be repaired or replaced.

That is absolutely right. If your surgeon felt, he will not be able to achieve the desired results in minimally invasive surgery, he will not offer it in the first place.

Your treatment depends on the severity of your condition. You may need surgery to repair or replace the valve. Left untreated, aortic valve stenosis can lead to serious heart problems.

There are ways to strengthen the heart valve firstly, Get moving as your heart is a muscle and as with any muscle, exercise is what strengthens it., Quit smoking, Lose weight, Eat heart-healthy foods and don't take the stress.

After an aortic valve replacement, you'll usually need to stay in the hospital for about a week. The time it takes to fully recover varies depending on factors like your age and overall health.

Your breastbone will usually heal in about 6 to 8 weeks, but it maybe 2 to 3 months before you feel your normal self again.

Exercising will help to speed up your recovery and it's a key component of a healthy lifestyle. Exercise increases your fitness levels, helps control blood pressure, weight, and cholesterol and keep you relaxed.

Your treatment depends on the severity of your condition. You may need surgery to repair or replace the valve. Left untreated, aortic valve stenosis can lead to serious heart problems.

When valves are damaged or diseased and do not work the way they should they may need to be repaired or replaced.

There are two main types of heart replacement valves to choose from — mechanical and biological, Doctor will advise according to the patient.

This surgery is usually done for the individuals aged between 53 to 92 years

Tissue valves in some patients have lasted as long as 15 years without problems.

A third, small difference between the two valve options is sound. Tissue valves work silently, while mechanical valves can make a quiet clicking noise that some people find bothersome, especially when trying to fall asleep.

Tissue valves can last 10-20 years, and usually don't require the long-term use of medication.

These tissues are treated and neutralized so that the body will not reject them.

Tissue heart valves (sometimes called “bioprosthetic” valves) are harvested from animal heart valves (porcine) and have passed the tests on human trials before being used.

That is absolutely right. If your surgeon felt, he will not be able to achieve the desired results in minimally invasive surgery, he will not offer it in the first place.

There are ways to strengthen the heart valve firstly, Get moving as your heart is a muscle and as with any muscle, exercise is what strengthens it. Quit smoking, Lose weight, Eat heart-healthy foods and don't take the stress.

During the process of cardiac ablation the abnormal tissues of the heart are destroyed by burning or freezing it, cardiac ablation can reduce or even eliminate your symptoms and make you feel better but the procedure is invasive and not for every person.

Person who have some symptoms such as palpations, lightheadness, shortness of breath, fatigue can be a candidate for  goodcardiac ablation

Cardiac ablation takes around eight weeks to heal, you can also have some arrhythmias during the first few weeks after your ablation  during this time you may need dome medications or other form of treatment.

Cardiac ablation can be performed on any patient up to the age of 90 years who can get the same result like young patients. With the advancing age the patient selection becomes more critical because there is always a risk in older individual.

Cardiac ablation is relatively a minor surgery when it is performed by a catheter and when cardiac ablation is done through open surgery then it is major surgery. You will need to stay in ICU for minimum a week in hospital to recover.

Cardiac ablation is the procedure which is used to restore the normal heart rhythm in this procedure long flexible tubes are being passed through the blood vessel to your heart.

Drinking is usually not allowed after a cardiac ablation procedure  who haveundergone major surgery.

Till one week of the procedure you are not allowed to drive.  You should wait for 2 weeks till you feel that you are physically strong to do more procedures.

Some tests done before cardiac ablation are electrocardiogram, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and other laboratory works.

You'll be taken to a recovery area for a few hours where doctors and nurses will closely monitor you. According to your condition, you may go home the same day or spend the night in the hospital. Plan to have someone else drive you home after your procedure.

Yes, tracheal intubation is usually done before cardiac ablation procedure.

Cardiac ablation takes around two to four hours to complete the procedure is being done in elecrtrophysiology laboratory where you will be monitored  before the procedure you will be given intravenous medications so that you can fall asleep. .

Yes, you may have to stay overnight or one to two days or even more depending on your recovery after the procedure then you can return home.

You may have some mild shortness of breath or fatigue after surgery, this is normal and subside within four to six week after the procedure. If your symptoms appears for longer time then abnormal heart rhythm can reoccur.

Cardiac ablation surgery is very safe but there are some risks associated with the process such as injury to blood vessels  and blood clots in legs or lungs.

Cathether is being inserted by a blood vessel in your heart, in some cases more than one cathether may be used. The catheters  are also inserted via blood vessels in your groin, shoulder or neck. Sensor  present on the tip of the catheter is used for sending electric impulses and for recording your hearts beat. During the procedure you may feel some minor discomfort when the catheter is being moved into your heart.

Cardiac ablation is being done for correcting the abnormal heart rhythm. When your heart beats the electrical signals in your heart causes heart to squeeze and it must follow a specific pathway throughout your heart. Any disruption in the heart signal can trigger the abnormal heartbeat. Your doctor will recommend you to go for cardiac ablation if you have

Cardiac ablation has got some risks but they are very rare, many people who got cardiac ablation feel much better after the procedure. Risks of the process is not worth who have only few symptoms.

There is no definite data which can tell how long your TAVI, according to recent data the age of TAVI lasts upto 20 years.

Even though the success rate of TAVI is high it has only got few complications, some of the risks of the procedure includes bleeding, injuries, stroke,  atrioventricular conduction, system injuries and aortic regurgitation.

You may feel umcomfortable after the procedure but it will go off in few days and you will be also given painkillers.

TAVI is not recommended for those who have severe aortic stenosis , TAVI surgery will not be beneficial to them  but they can definitely get benefit from TAVR surgery.

TAVI is not recommended if you have got any problem with your aortic valve and you are high risk for undergoing an open heart surgery. The aortic valve is one of the four main valves present in your heart.

You will be under observation for one or two days after the procedure, your cardiologist will come every day to check you. Your wound site will be monitored by your team during this time.

Recovery rate of the people is different depending on their health and the type of heart valve procedure.  You will need around six to ten weeks to recover completely after the procedure. You have to do daily activities and exercises during your recovery.

Patient who is having severe symptomatic aortic stenosis are at high risk for conventional surgical aortic valave replacement.

You will be in hospital for one to five days after the surgery initially you will be under close observation but when the doctor feel you are fit to go home then they can send you home.

TAVI procedure will take around three hours to complete and it is performed under local or general anaesthesia.

The surgery is done under local anaesthesia and it will take around one to two hours to do the surgery in some cases it can also be done under general anaesthesia depending on the best solution for you.

In this procedure a catheter is being inserted in your blood vessels and then  it is passed in your aortic valve and the catheter is used to guide and fix the replaced valve one above the other.

TAVI stands for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation it is used in helping to improve a damaged aortic valve.

No, TAVI is not a major surgery it is less invasive surgery which is being designed to replace  a diseased aortic valve.

Most of the hydrocephalic patients will be required to keep their CSF shunt all life long. One of the advantages of this therapy is that it allows you to have a normal daily life. The shunt will restore the CSF circulation to regulate its flow.

Usually for 5 days.

Usually for 5 days.

The entire procedure takes about 90 minutes.

The entire procedure takes about 90 minutes.

There are different indications for programmed vs unprogrammed shunt, Programmed is usually done in elderly individuals and congenital hydrocephalus while unprogrammed is chosen for tumors, hydrocephalus and meningitis.

No followup visit is required once the patient has been reviewed for about 3 weeks.

Depending on the circumstances, a VP shunt can be temporary or permanent. If the cause of your hydrocephalus is idiopathic (unexplained), congenital (present from birth), or the result of a defect in the anatomy of the brain or spine, there is a strong chance that you will need to have your VP shunt for the long term.

You won't be able to see the catheter because it will be under your skin. However, you may be able to feel the shunt catheter along your neck.

Once all the parts of the shunt are connected, it will start draining the excess CSF as needed to reduce the pressure in your brain.

Most of hydrocephalic patients will be required to keep their CSF shunt all life long. One of the advantages of this therapy is that it allows you to have a normal daily life. The shunt will restore the CSF circulation to regulate its flow.

No followup visit is required once patient has been reviewed for about 3 weeks

WHO regulation says it may require a change every 5 years so there are fewer chances of blockage.

Depending on the circumstances, a VP shunt can be temporary or permanent. If the cause of your hydrocephalus is idiopathic (unexplained), congenital (present from birth), or the result of a defect in the anatomy of the brain or spine, there is a strong chance that you will need to have your VP shunt for the long term.

WHO regulation says it may require a change every 5 years so there are less chances of blockage.

It can last from a few days or weeks to many years. In adults we have seen them last for as long as 35 years. Over time the plastic tube can corrode and disintegrate, requiring a new shunt to be inserted.

You won't be able to see the catheter because it will be under your skin. However, you may be able to feel the shunt catheter along your neck. Once all the parts of the shunt are connected, it will start draining the excess CSF as needed to reduce the pressure in your brain.

It can last from a few days or weeks to many years. In adults we have seen them last for as long as 35 years. Over time the plastic tube can corrode and disintegrate, requiring a new shunt to be inserted.

There are different indications for programmed vs unprogrammed shunt, Programmed is usually done in elderly individuals and congenital hydrocephalus while unprogrammed is chosen for tumors, hydrocephalus and meningitis.

It will take around two hours for VSD surgery, small flexible tube will be placed in the different blood vessels of your groin clinic.

In VSD surgery the surgeon will make a small cut in the front side of the chest and divides the breastbone to reach the heart, the heart-lung machine is used to pump blood and act as the lungs during the surgery and then the surgeon patches up the hole between the ventricles.

Ventricular septal defect depends on the size of the hole where it is being located, the size of the heart determines the effect of heart function. Due to this the heart may become bigger and high blood pressure may develop in the arteries of the lungs. A person who has large VSD can experience shortness of breath, weakness and fatigue. If the ventricular defect is small the only symptoms which is being noticed is loud murmur sound.

This surgery is basically done by cardiologist.

Ventricular septal defect is usually a hole in the wall of heart which separates the two chambers of heart. They usually occurs by themselves they don’t have any birth defect.

In individuals with a VSD and no other heart or lung problems, repair of the defect restores the heart’s normal function. Generally these people can engage in physical activity without restrictions. This is also true for adults with small, unrepaired VSDs.

Yes, heart starts functioning normally after VSD the defect restores to heart normal function. Some person who have some complications related to VSD such as abnormal heart function may have some restrictions on their activities.

Around 75% of VSD doesn’t need any treatment they close their own within the first year of life or by reaching the age of 10 years. If the VSD is medium  or large the closure rate is about 5 to 10 percent. An adult who has a VSD without any symptoms probably does not require intervention but should have regular checkups by a physician who specializes in adult congenital heart disease.

A person who has ventricular septal defect should always consult a specialist. This treatment is always recommended to prevent the problem of heart and lungs, VSD treatment

According to recent data patient who have undergone have lead a normal life and in 40 years only 6% of the patient have required re surgery to close those small leaks that developed near the patch.

Within the first six months of surgery the person who has still the risk of endocarditis within the heart will heal. People whose VSD is repaired can develop cardiac arrhythmia in the later life because of the formation of scar tissue around the heart.

You should undergo regular follow up with your doctor for your cardiologist. Those whose congenital abnormalities, valve disease or aortic regurgitation should get it check with the specialist.

VSD is usually diagnosed at birth or within a few days after birth when doctor can hear the murmur sound.  Diagnostic measures for VSD includes chest x ray, electrocardiogram, ultrasound images, coronary angiography and MRI imaging.